Line length: type size, leading, and column width all contribute to how many characters are optimal for a line length but as a general standard for continuous text, forty-five to seventy-five characters per line is the ideal length.letter, space , and numbers are all characters. This is all done by hand because there is no computer program that does this for you.
Baseline grid: is an imaginary grid upon which type sits. The baseline of a piece of type can be forced to 'snap' to this grid to maintain continuity across the pages of a design.
Typographic river :is a river is a series of inconsistent word spaces that creates distracting open lines running vertically through the justified paragraph.
flow line: a flow line is a horizontal measure that divides the page into spatial divisions and creates additional alignment points for the placement of the visual elements.
White space: into your designs is important because space provides visual contrast and contributes to an effective ordering system. The empty compositional space brings the visual elements alive. This can be done by using less text, grouping things,leaving more space on the edges.
Type color/Texture: the choice of typeface, type size, leading, word spacing, and line measure affects the texture and color (tonal value) of text setting. (ex. Clarendon has strong horizontal emphasis while Helvetica has a monotone texture) the density of typographic elements and their perceived gray value - the overall feeling of lightness and darkness on the page. the density of text, being that things are leaded out and not bold.
X-Height & how it effects type color the x-height is the height of the lowercase letters without ascenders or descenders. Different typefaces have different x-heights which give them different textures, depending on the x height, the typeface can look darker or lighter
Justification: uses three values for type setting; minimum, optimum, and maximum. justification settings allow the designer to specify the minimum, optimum and maximum spaces between words. Justification settings also allow for additional spacing to be introduced between letters where necessary.
Ways to indicate a new paragraph: indent, ex dent, make the first letter larger, tracking, leading, extra spacing. etc
hyphenating text: make sure there are not more than two hyphenations in a row, too many hyphenations in any paragraph, and never hyphenate a heading.
Hanging punctuation: must be adjusted so the text will appear aligned and not distract the eye. This applies to asterisks, apostrophes, commas, en dashes, hyphens, periods, and quotation marks.
Hyphen: is strictly for hyphenating words or breaking words in paragraph settings
En dash: is a punctuation mark used in compound words and to separate items such as dates , locations, times, and phone numbers. (can also be used to separate thoughts within a text) when an en dash is used like this, spaces are added before and after the dash.
Em dash: is a punctuation mark used to separate thoughts within a text. There are no spaces needed before and after, but kerning may be required.
Ligature: is a specially designed character produced by combining tow or three letters into one unified form. It is one form used when two or more letters would normally touch or overlap. Common ligatures are fi or fl. Sometimes ligatures are not required because the typeface letter forms have be designed to minimize the problems that make ligatures necessary.
CMYK: cyan magenta yellow key
RGB: red, green blue
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