Objective: Definitions

Absolute Measurements: are easy to understand as they are measurements of fixed values.

Relative Measurement: many measurements such as a character spacing, are linked to type size, which means that their relationships are defined by a series of relative measurements.

Points: The point is the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font.

Pica: A pica is a unit of measurement equal to 12 points that is commonly used for measuring lines of type.

Em: The em is a relative unit of measurement used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions, and therefore it is linked to the size of the type.

En: An en is a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em.

Legibility: The analysis of legibility involves a range of factors, perspectives, and methodologies.

Rag: Rags occur when highly noticeable shapes form by the line ends of text blocks that distract

Type Alignments:

Flush left text: type set to an even left margin, giving an uneven or ragged right margin.

Advantages:

• The space between words remains consistent. This is important to the readability of the text- the ease with which the readers eye traces the progression from one word to the next. It also ensures an even texture to a column of type, maintaining an even "gray value" from line to line.
• It is not necessary to hyphenate words. Strictly speaking. it need not to be necessary to hyphenate any word at all within flush text; in practice, it may be useful to specify hyphenation of extremely long words to avoid an excessively ragged right margin.
• It can be set across narrow columns.

Disadvantages:

• Asymmetry- the ragged right margins may disturb the balance of an otherwise symmetrical page layout. However, this might equally be listed as an advantage, since asymmetry can be the basis for dynamic typographic compositions.

Flush-right text: type set to an even right margin, giving an uneven or ragged left margin.

Advantages:

• Flush-right text is rarely used for text of any length. It can however, be extremely effective for setting small bodies of text, cations, and so on within asymmetrical layouts, where a ragged left column may create or resolve dynamic tension within the composition of the page.

Disadvantages:

• Reduced readability- the absence of an even left margin makes it more difficult for the readers eye to identify the beginning of the next line. This may be addressed by increasing the leading.

Centered test: type set on a central axis, with even word spacing and ragged left and right margins.

Advantages:

• Although seldom used for the setting of large quantities of continuous test, centered type can be extremely effective in the design of single pages in formal contexts (such as title pages).

Disadvantages:

• Reduced readability- the absence of an even left margin makes it more difficult for the readers eye to identify the beginning of the next line. This may be addressed by increasing the leading.

Justified text: The space between the words is adjusted in each line, giving even margins both left and right.

Advantages:

• Even margins left and right, giving a neat rectangular text area.

Disadvantages:

• The space between words will necessary vary from one line to the next, because each is adjusted to fill the same column width. This requires detailed adjustments to specification in order to avoid excessive spaces between words.
• Requires hyphenation
• Requires wide columns/larger number of characters per line.

Word spacing: The space between words has been traditionally been based upon a space equivalent to the body width of a lowercase i. This space can be adjusted manually for display and title setting.

Rivers: Rivers typically occur in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leave gap of white space in several lines.

Indent: Provides the reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph.

Leading: is the measurement in points from one baseline to the next.

Kerning: The quality and extent of learning pairs within a font illustrate the attention to detail that characterizes high-quality typefaces that may, in many cases, include thousands of kerning pairs.

Tracking: Adjusting the overall space between letters, rather than the space between two characteristics.

Weight: Typefaces customarily include a choice of weights, from the single bold variant common to most text faces to intermediate weights such as book, medium, and demi or extremes, such as black or ultra bold. Among those typefaces that have only two weights, the interval between weights varies widely from one face to the next.

Scale: Content may be differentiated through the scale of type, by increases in point size.

Typographic Variation: Whether in the use if differing typefaces, weights, and sizes, the introduction of bold, italic, or small-cap fonts, should serve to clarify visually for the reader specific kinds of emphasis and prioritization, and to establish consistent distinctions between different kinds of content.

Orphan: is the final one of two lines or a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.

Widow: Is a lone word at the end of a paragraph.